chem project

reduces the required external components to just balancing resistors.
It is important to recognize that the cell mismatch results more from limitations in process control and inspection than from variations inherent in the Lithium Ion chemistry. The use of a fully integrated analog front end for cell balancing can improve the performance of series connected Li-ion Cells by addressing both SOC and C/E issues.[68] SOC mismatch can be remedied by balancing the cell during an initial conditioning period and subsequently only during the charge phase. C/E mismatch remedies are more difficult to implement and harder to measure and require balancing during both charge and discharge periods.
This type of solution eliminates the quantity of external components, as for discrete capacitors, diodes and most other resistors to achieve balance.
[edit] Hazards
[edit] Explosion
A battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as attempting to recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery,[69] or short circuiting a battery.[70] With car batteries, explosions are most likely to occur when a short circuit generates very large currents. In addition, car batteries liberate hydrogen when they are overcharged (because of electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte). Normally the amount of overcharging is very small, as is the amount of explosive gas developed, and the gas dissipates quickly. However, when "jumping" a car battery, the high current can cause the rapid release of large volumes of hydrogen, which can be ignited by a nearby spark (for example, when removing the jumper cables).
When a battery is recharged at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the walls of the battery, leading to pressure build-up and the possibility of the battery case bursting. In extreme cases, the battery acid may spray violently from the casing of the battery and cause injury. Overcharging—that is, attempting to charge a battery beyond its electrical capacity—can also lead to a battery explosion, leakage, or irreversible damage to the battery. It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used. Additionally, disposing of a battery in fire may cause an explosion as steam builds up within the sealed case of the battery.[70]

Leaked alkaline battery
[edit] Leakage
Many battery chemicals are corrosive,poisonous or both. If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. For example, disposable batteries often use a zinc "can" as both a reactant and as the container to hold the other reagents. If this kind of battery is run all the way down, or if it is recharged after running down too far, the reagents can emerge through the cardboard and plastic that form the remainder of the container. The active chemicals can then damage the equipment that they were inserted into.
[edit] Environmental concerns
The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution.[71] Battery manufacture consumes resources and often involves hazardous chemicals. Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste. Some areas now have battery recycling services available to recover some of the materials from used batteries.[72] Batteries may be harmful or fatal if swallowed.[73] Recycling or proper disposal prevents dangerous elements (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium) found in some types of batteries from entering the environment. In the United States, Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually, and about 179,000 tons of those end up in landfills across the country.[74]
In the United States, the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 banned the sale of mercury-containing batteries (except small button cell batteries), enacted uniform labeling requirements for rechargeable batteries, and required that rechargeable batteries be easily removable.[75] California, and New York City prohibit the disposal of rechargeable batteries in solid waste, and along with Maine require recycling of cell phones.[76] The rechargeable battery industry has nationwide recycling programs in the United States and Canada, with dropoff points at local retailers.[76]
The Battery Directive of the European Union has similar requirements, in addition to requiring increased recycling of batteries, and promoting research on improved battery recycling methods.[77]
[edit] Battery chemistry
[edit] Primary battery chemistries
(includes data from the energy density article)
Chemistry
CellVoltage
Energy Density [MJ/kg]
Elaboration
Zinc–carbon
1.5
0.13
Inexpensive.
Zinc chloride
1.5
Also known as "heavy duty", inexpensive.
alkaline(zinc–manganese dioxide)
1.5
0.4-0.59
Moderate energy density.Good for high and low drain uses.
oxy nickel hydroxide(zinc-manganese dioxide/oxy nickel hydroxide)
1.7
Moderate energy density.Good for high drain uses
Lithium(lithium–copper oxide)Li–CuO
1.7
No longer manufactured.Replaced by silver oxide (IEC-type "SR") batteries.
Lithium(lithium–iron disulfide)LiFeS2
1.5
Expensive.Used in 'plus' or 'extra' batteries.
Lithium(lithium–manganese dioxide)LiMnO2
3.0
0.83-1.01
Expensive.Only used in high-drain devices or for long shelf life due to very low rate of self discharge.'Lithium' alone usually refers to this type of chemistry.
Mercury oxide
1.35
High drain and constant voltage.Banned in most countries because of health concerns.
Zinc–air
1.35–1.65
1.59[78]
Mostly used in hearing aids.
Silver oxide (silver-zinc)
1.55
0.47
Very expensive.Only used commercially in 'button' cells.
[edit] Rechargeable battery chemistries
(includes data from energy density article)
Chemistry
CellVoltage
Energy density[MJ/kg]
Comments
NiCd
1.2
0.14
Inexpensive.High/low drain, moderate energy density.Can withstand very high discharge rates with virtually no loss of capacity.Moderate rate of self discharge.Reputed to suffer from memory effect (which is alleged to cause early failure).Environmental hazard due to Cadmium - use now virtually prohibited in Europe.
Lead Acid
2.1
0.14
Moderately expensive.Moderate energy density.Moderate rate of self discharge.Higher discharge rates result in considerable loss of capacity.Does not suffer from memory effect.Environmental hazard due to Lead.Common use - Automobile batteries
NiMH
1.2
0.36
Inexpensive.Performs better than alkaline batteries in higher drain devices.Traditional chemistry has high energy density, but also a high rate of self-discharge.Newer chemistry has low self-discharge rate, but also a ~25% lower energy density.Very heavy. Used in some cars.
NiZn
1.6
0.36
Moderately inexpensive.High drain device suitable.Low self-discharge rate.Voltage closer to alkaline primary cells than other secondary cells.No toxic components.Newly introduced to the market (2009). Has not yet established a track record.Limited size availability.
Lithium ion
3.6
0.46
Very expensive.Very high energy density.Not usually available in "common" battery sizes (but see RCR-V3 for a counter-example).Very common in laptop computers, moderate to high-end digital cameras and camcorders, and cellphones.Very low rate of self discharge.Volatile: Chance of explosion if short circuited, allowed to overheat, or not manufactured with rigorous quality standards.
[edit] Homemade cells
Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve as the electrolyte for a cell. As a novelty or science demonstration, it is possible to insert two electrodes made of different metals into a lemon,[79] potato,[80] etc. and generate small amounts of electricity. "Two-potato clocks" are also widely available in hobby and toy stores; they consist of a pair of cells, each consisting of a potato (lemon, et cetera) with two electrodes inserted into it, wired in series to form a battery with enough voltage to power a digital clock.[81] Homemade cells of this kind are of no real practical use, because they produce far less current—and cost far more per unit of energy generated—than commercial cells, due to the need for frequent replacement of the fruit or vegetable. In addition, one can make a voltaic pile from two coins (such as a nickel and a penny) and a piece of paper towel dipped in salt water. Such a pile would make very little voltage itself, but when many of them are stacked together in series, they can replace normal batteries for a short amount of time.[82]
Sony has developed a biologically friendly battery that generates electricity from sugar in a way that is similar to the processes observed in living organisms. The battery generates electricity through the use of enzymes that break down carbohydrates, which are essentially sugar.[83]
A Chinese engineer Daizi Zheng developed a similar design a sugar drink powered phone using enzymes to generate electricity from carbohydrates that covers the phone’s electrical needs. It only needs a pack of sugary drink and it generates water and oxygen while the battery dies out.[84]
Lead acid cells can easily be manufactured at home, but a tedious charge/discharge cycle is needed to 'form' the plates. This is a process whereby lead sulfate forms on the plates, and during charge is converted to lead dioxide (positive plate) and pure lead (negative plate). Repeating this process results in a microscopically rough surface, with far greater surface area being exposed. This increases the current the cell can deliver. For an example, see [3].
Daniell cells are also easy to make at home. Aluminum-air batteries can also be produced with high purity aluminum. Aluminum foil batteries will produce some electricity, but they are not very efficient, in part because a significant amount of hydrogen gas is produced.
[edit] See also
Battery (vacuum tube)
Battery Directive
Battery holder
Battery isolator
Battery Management System (BMS)
Battery pack
Battery recycling
Battery terminals
Depth Of Discharge (DOD)
Electrochemical cell
Energy density
Energy storage
Flexible battery
Galvanic cell
Energy portal
Electronics portal
List of battery sizes
List of battery types
Magnetic battery
Nano titanate
Nanowire battery
Printed battery
Rechargeable battery
State Of Charge (SOC)
State Of Health (SOH)
Thermal runaway
Trickle charging

[edit] References six days ago this information has been given
An engineer has found a way to cheaply and efficiently manufacture lightweight paper batteries and super-capacitors, as well as stretchable, conductive textiles known as “eTextiles” - capable of storing energy while retaining the mechanical properties of ordinary paper or fabric.
Like batteries, super-capacitors store energy, but by electrostatic rather than chemical means.
Stanford engineer Yi Cui made the development by dipping ordinary paper or fabric in a special ink infused with nanoparticles.
Cui’s team has even envisioned numerous functional uses for their inventions. Homes of the future could one day be lined with energy-storing wallpaper. Gadget lovers would be able to charge their portable appliances on the go, simply plugging them into an outlet woven into their T-shirts. Energy textiles might also be used to create moving-display apparel, reactive high-performance sportswear and wearable power for a soldier’s battle gear.
The key ingredients in developing these high-tech products are not visible to the human eye. Nanostructures, which can be assembled in patterns that allow them to transport electricity, may provide the solutions to a number of problems encountered with electrical storage devices currently available on the market.
The type of nanoparticle used in the Cui group’s experimental devices varies according to the intended function of the product - lithium cobalt oxide is a common compound used for batteries, while single-walled carbon nanotubes, or SWNTs, are used for super-capacitors.
Cui, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford, leads a research group that investigates new applications of nanoscale materials. The objective, said Cui, is not only to supply answers to theoretical inquiries but also to pursue projects with practical value. Recently, his team has focused on ways to integrate nanotechnology into the realm of energy development.
“Energy storage is a pretty old research field,” said Cui. “Super-capacitors, batteries - those things are old. How do you really make a revolutionary impact in this field? It requires quite a dramatic difference of thinking.” Cui added.
Keywords: nanotechnology, eTextiles, super-capacitors, technology
4. Types of Batteries
There are currently three types of batteries commonly used for laptops: Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride, and Lithium Ion.
4.1. Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries were the standard technology for years, but today they are out of date and new laptops don't use them anymore. They are heavy and very prone to the "memory effect". When recharging a NiCd battery that has not been fully discharged, it "remembers" the old charge and continues there the next time you use it. The memory effect is caused by crystallization of the battery's substances and can permanently reduce your battery's lifetime, even make it useless. To avoid it, you should completely discharge the battery and then fully recharge it again at least once every few weeks. As this battery contains cadmium, a toxic material, it should always be recycled or disposed of properly.
NiCad batteries, and to a some degree NiMH batteries, suffer from what's called the memory effect. Memory Effect means that if a battery is repeatedly only partially discharged before recharging, the battery will forget that it can further discharge. The best way to prevent this situation is to fully charge and discharge your battery on a regular basis.
4.2. Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries are the cadmium-free replacement for NiCad. They are less affected by the memory effect than NiCd and thus require less maintenance and conditioning. However, they have problems at very high or low room temperatures. And even though they use less hazardous materials (i.e., they do not contain heavy metals), they cannot be fully recycled yet. Another main difference between NiCad and NiMH is that NiMH battery offers higher energy density than NiCads. In other words, the capacity of a NiMH is approximately twice the capacity of its NiCad counterpart. What this means for you is increased run-time from the battery with no additional bulk or weight.
4.3. Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
Lithium Ion (Li-ion) are the new standard for portable power. Li-ion batteries produce the same energy as NiMH but weighs approximately 20%-35% less. They do not suffer significantly from the memory effect unlike their NiMH and Ni-Cd counterparts. Their substances are non-hazardous to the 0. Because lithium ignites very easily, they require special handling. Unfortunately, few consumer recycling programs have been established for Li-ion batteries at this point in time.
4.4. Smart Batteries
Smart batteries are not really a different type of battery, but they do deserve special mention. Smart batteries have internal circuit boards with chips which allow them to communicate with the laptop and monitor battery performance, output voltage and temperature. Smart batteries will generally run 15% longer due to their increased efficiency and also give the computer much more accurate "fuel gauge" capabilities to determine how much battery run time is left before the next recharge is required.
4.5. General Battery Care
Even if the battery case looks the same, you cannot just upgrade to another battery technology unless your laptop has been pre-configured from the manufacturer to accept more than one type of battery type, since the recharging process is different for each of the three types of batteries.
A battery that is not used for a long time will slowly discharge itself. Even with the best of care, a battery needs to be replaced after 500 to 1000 recharges. But still it is not recommended to run a laptop without the battery while on ac power -- the battery often serves as a big capacitor to protect against voltage peaks from your ac outlet.
As the manufacturers change the shapes of their batteries every few months, you might have problems to find a new battery for your laptop in a few years from now. This is somewhat of a concern only if you anticipate using the same laptop several years from now. If in doubt, buy a spare battery now - before it's out of stock.
New batteries come in a discharged condition and must be fully charged before use. It is recommended that you fully charge and discharge the new battery two to four times to allow it to reach its maximum rated capacity. It is generally recommend that you perform an overnight charge (approximately twelve hours) for this. Note: It is normal for a battery to become warm to the touch during charging and discharging. When charging the battery for the first time, the device may indicate that charging is complete after just 10 or 15 minutes. This is a normal with rechargeable batteries. New batteries are hard for the device to charge; they have never been fully charged and are not broken in. Sometimes the device's charger will stop charging a new battery before it is fully charged. If this happens, remove the battery from the device and then reinsert it. The charge cycle should begin again. This may happen several times during the first battery charge. Don't worry; it's perfectly normal. Keep the battery healthy by fully charging and then fully discharging it at least once every two to three weeks. Exceptions to the rule are Li-Ion batteries which do not suffer from the memory effect.
Batteries should be stored in a discharged state since they can self-discharge and may become inactive after a long storage period. They should not be stored for any length of time while connected to the laptop. High humidity and temperatures can cause the battery to deteriorate, so these should be avoided during storage.
Do not remove and carry a battery pack in your pocket, purse, or other container where metal objects (such as car keys or paper clips) could short-circuit the battery terminals. The resulting excessive current flow can cause extremely high temperatures and may result in damage to the battery pack or cause fire or burns.
Eco –friendly batteries
While industrial designers are envisioning a world where electronics won’t be hard but would be flexible enough to be integrated into clothing or product packaging, researchers are trying to develop batteries that will have the potential to power these futuristic electronic systems.
Researchers over ACS have developed a paper-thin battery made from paper which can be used to power electronics in clothing and packaging material. The battery was made by a nano-thin coating of PPy (polypyrrole) on individual cellulose fibers, which in turn can be molded into paper sheets of exceptionally high internal porosity.
The cellulose required for the battery is extracted from certain specials of green algae, with 100 times the surface area of cellulose found in paper. The battery consists of electrodes of identical pieces of composite paper separated by filter paper soaked with sodium chloride serving as electrolyte.
This battery can be recharged faster than other conventional rechargeable batteries and is well suited for applications involving flexible electronics. These researchers are hoping for a future where several square yards in size can be powered.
Its just a concept, but it’s a damned good one offering up a way to significantly decrease the number of batteries thrown away each year. The basic idea is that we get all the device manufacturers to start using one (or two) standardized batteries.
The batteries would have the same voltage, size, and all that other stuff. Then, they’d be sold/exchanged at vending machines.
The upside of this design is that if you couldn’t charge it yourself, you could just exchange it for a charged one, and, all your gadgets would use the same battery, meaning when your phone became more important than your laptop you could swap the two and keep talking. So it would save the environment, up the convenience of the whole mobile power situation, and since the batteries would likely be cycled out every so often, it would likely decrease the number of exploding batteries.
[via gizmodo]
Fuel cells were invented in 1839, powered the Gemini and Apollo space missions, and still provide power on the space shuttle. But perfecting them for use in cars still poses a challenge. Scientists at the Laboratory are developing new materials to make fuel cells cost-effective, durable, and vehicle-ready.One day soon, these highly efficient powerhouses could replace internal combustion engines, so that our cars burn less fuel, and give off nothing more than the harmless emission of ordinary water.
Decreasing Foreign Oil Dependence
The United States consumes much more oil than we produce domestically. In 2007, the U.S. produced 5.1 million barrels of oil per day, but consumed 20.7 million barrels per day according to the Energy Information Administration, which provides energy statistics from the U.S. government. The result is that the U.S. imports significant amounts of oil, and is dependent upon foreign countries for its oil supply.
Fuel cells, which utilize hydrogen instead of gasoline or diesel fuel, would greatly reduce that dependence.
Emissions of Pure Water
Fuel cells are similar to batteries; they convert chemical energy into electricity. However, unlike batteries, fuel cells use chemicals that are external to the fuel cell. The types of fuel cells LANL scientists develop convert hydrogen and oxygen (from air) into electricity and water. The system utilizes a thin membrane and catalysts – often made of platinum – to electrochemically convert the hydrogen and oxygen into electricity. “Of course, environmentally we love fuel cells because hydrogen plus oxygen makes water,” says Rod Borup, program manager for the Laboratory’s fuel cell program in MPA-11, the Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group.Scientists at the Lab are developing better materials and technologies to improve the different components of the fuel cell. These improvements include decreasing the costs of the catalyst, improving the materials that make up the membranes, understanding what degrades the performance of fuel cells including the effects of fuel and air impurities, understanding water management inside the cell, and improving on-board vehicle hydrogen storage.
Superior Fuel Efficiency
One of the biggest advantages of fuel-cell powered vehicles is their efficiency as compared to conventional internal combustion engines. A gasoline-powered engine is about 22 percent efficient, Borup says. That means that 22 percent of the fuel you put into your car is used to power the vehicle, and the remainder is wasted as heat. A diesel-powered vehicle runs at about 27 percent efficiency, a hybrid electric vehicle, about 30-35 percent. By contrast, fuel cell vehicles can run at 55 percent efficiency. They simply burn less fuel.
Replacing an Old StandardBesides the technical challenges the Lab is addressing, fuel cell acceptance may require a sea change in the public’s way of thinking. “Internal combustion engines are very reliable, and performance is good,” Borup says. “With fuel cells, we are trying to put something on the market that displaces existing technologies.” To begin to adjust the American mindset, the world’s major automakers are rolling out prototypes of fuel cell cars. Prototype fuel cell forklifts, busses, and stationary building power supplies are in use around the globe. “Our part at the Lab is to make better materials for fuel cells, and to help give the automakers and others a better perspective on how to use fuel cells,” Borup says.The Department of Energy is targeting the year 2015 for a decision on the commercial viability of fuel cells, he says.

RAMA-BRIDGE

RAMA-BRIDGE
RAMA-BRIDGE RAMA's BRIDGE BETWEEN INDIA AND SRILANKA WE ALL INDIANS KNOW THAT THERE IS VARADI ( Bridge) BETWEEN INDIA AND SRILANKA WHICH WAS CONSTRUCTED BY " VANARA SENA" IN TRETA YUGA. BUT NOW NASA PEOPLE FIND IT THAT IT IS THERE AND THEY NAMED IT AS " ADAM BRIDGE ". IS IT CORRECT TO CALL the ancient Bridge WITH THAT new and Alien Name???? THINK OF IT. Will they ever accept if we change the name of the "London Bridge" as "Laxman Jhoola"? !!!? . NASA SHUTTLE IMAGES OF A MYSTERIOUS ANCIENT BRIDGE BETWEEN INDIA AND SRILANKA The recently discovered bridge currently named as Adam's Bridge made of chain of shoals, c.18 mi (30 km) long, in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka, reveals a mystery behind it. The bridge's unique curvature and composition by age reveals that it is man made. The legends as well as Archeological studies reveal that the first signs of human inhabitants in Sri Lanka date back to the a primitive age, about 17,50,000 years ago and the bridge's age is also almost equivalent. This information is a crucial aspect for an insight into the mysterious legend called Ramayana, which was supposed to have taken place in tretha yuga (more than 17,00,000 years ago). In this epic, there is a mentioning about a bridge, which was bu! ilt between Rameshwaram (India) and Srilankan coast under the supervision of a dynamic and invincible figure called Rama who is supposed to be the incarnation of the supreme. This information may not be of much importance ! to the archeologist s who are interested in exploring the origins of man, but it is sure to open the spiritual gates of the people of the world to have come to know an ancient history related to the Indian mythology.




"Miracles & Mysteries - Proof of Ramayana in Sri Lanka The Ravana Palace which was burnt by HanumanSugriva Cavegoogle_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);Floating Stone from Ramsethu(bridge made by lord Rama and Vanara sena)After seeing this stone it gives a reasonable proof that rama bridge is constructed with the help of these stones and it is a man-made constuction....google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);In the midst of a political controversy over the Sethusamudram project, the central government today told the Supreme Court that there was no historical evidence to establish the existence of Lord Rama or the other characters in Ramayana.In an affidavit filed before the apex court, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) rejected the claim of the existence of the Ramsetu bridge in the area where the project was under construction.The project proposes to provide a shorter sea route from Rameshwaram to Sri Lanka.Referring to Ramayana, the affidavit said there is no "historical record" to incontrovertibly prove the existence of the character, or the occurrences of the events, depicted therein.BJP today accused the Congress-led UPA government of "blasphemy" by telling the Supreme Court that there was no historical evidence to establish the existence of Lord Rama or the other characters in Ramayana."This is sheer blasphemy," BJP leader Vijay Kumar Malhotra said reacting to an affidavit filed by ASI rejecting the claim of the existence of Ramsetu or Adam's bridge in the area where the Sethusamudram project was under construction."It's an insult to Hindu faith. We also wonder why Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Congress chief Sonia Gandhi have been going for the Dussehra festival if their government does not believe in Lord Rama's existence,".BJP and other constituents of the Sangh Parivar are opposing the Sethusamudram project saying it would damage an undersea bridge believed to be built by Lord Rama."Today, the government in its affidavit says there is no evidence to prove the bridge was built by Lord Rama or that Lord Rama ever existed. This is an attack on Hindu sentiment - a ferocious one," .Meanwhile, Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) activists staged protests across the country against the project...Activists of the Vishva Hindu Parishad have called for a 'chaaka jam' across the country today to protest against the goverment's plan to destroy a part of the ancient Ram Sethu bridge between India and Sri Lanka., , The Supreme Court had recently restrained the government from causing any damage to the mythological Ram Setu (bridge) off India's southern tip that which was to be destroyed for constructing a navigational sea route.Some Hindus believe that the bridge was built by Lord Rama's army of monkeys and bears to cross over to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita who was abducted by demon king Ravana.The SC Bench was hearing a petition filed by Swami Sri Vidyananda Bharatiji, a Dandi Monk of the Shakaracharya Order and local resident of Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, who alleged that the project would adversely impact the environment.Why Ram Setu (Sethu) should not be damagedRam Setu (Sethu) prevented the tsunami from advancing from Rameshwaram to Kerala.Spiritual Significance1. This is a divine bridge.2. Lord Rama and his vaanar sena had built it 17 lacs 25 thousands years ago.3. In Puranas, the importance of Setu is explained in great details, especially in Skanda Purana, Vishnu Purana, Agni Purana, and Brahma Purana.Physical Significance1. Ram Setu (Sethu) a natural barrier to Tsunami: During the last tsunami, the Ramar Bridge (at a high elevation) from the rest of the shoal accumulations acted as a natural barrier preventing the direct devastation of the entire Bharatam coastline south and southwest of Nagapattanam., Chief editor of the reputed International Tsunami Journal "Science of Tsunami Hazards"2. Threat of Tsunami: Many geologists, earth scientists, and oceanographers have commented critically, against the disastrous consequences of constructing SSCP. Amongst these is the impending devastation of Kerala, which will suck in after implementation of SSCP, after next Tsunami hits it. . Many Naval officials are saying that even after the completion of SSCP, the depth of the canal shall be only 12 meters (about 36 feet ), and only small and medium sized vessels shall be able to pass. Large sized vessels and carriers shall not be able to pass.Social Significance1. The construction of SSCP is trampling upon the feelings and emotions of millions and millions of Hindus.2. Besides, this bridge is world's oldest man-made structure. It is much much older than the pyramids of Egypt, and the Great Wall of China.3. Ram Setu has sentimental, religious and historic value.4. People have crossed the sea using the Rama-Setu, for many thousand years, until the 15th century.Better alternative solutions are also available !According to the specialists, a sea route may be prepared for navigation without damaging Sri Ram Setu, by removing the barren sand heaps near village Mandapam between Rameshwaram and Dhanushkoti railway. This will not only give a shorter route for navigation but also protect the oldest man-made heritage.There-fore due to the above reasons it should not be destroyed and the government shold think upon alternative options.